1. Yamada, M. , Hiratsuka, Y. , Roberts, C. B. , & Pezzullo, M. L. (2013). Vitamin A intake and the risk of age-related cataract: A cross-sectional study in Japan. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(5), 1299-1305.
2. Jayakumar, S. , Viswanathan, V. , Saravanan, P. , & Jacob, A. (2018). Vitamin A Supplementation Increases Antigen-Specific Responses in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition, 148(6), 899-908.
3. Huang, Z. , Liu, I. , Q i, G. , Brand, D. , Z Heng, S. G. , & Li, H. (2020). Low vitamin A status is associated with increased risk of infectious disease and mortality in the general population: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(9), 1540-1555.
4. Feskanich, D. , Ziegler, R. G. , Michaud, D. S. , Giovannucci, E. L. , Speizer, F. E. , Willett, W. C. , & Colditz, G. A (2002). Dietary vitamin A intake and breast cancer risk: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102(3), 771-778.
5. Moeller, S. M. , Jacques, P. F , Blumberg, J. B. , & Buring, J. E. (2014). Intakes of lutein, zeaxanthin, and other carotenoids and age-related macular degeneration during 2 decades of prospective follow-up. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 33(2), 163-172.
6. Gibson, G. E. , & Blass, J. P (2007). Thiamine-dependent processes and treatment strategies in neurodegeneration. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 9(10), 1605-1619.
7. Bettendorf, L. , & Wirtzfeld, B. (1995). Vitamin B-1 (thiamine) and dementia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 774(1), 1-6.
8. Katan, M. B. , & between, a. C. (1989). Characteristics of whole-body thiamine metabolism in men consuming a thiamine-restricted diet. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49(6), 1215-1220.
9. Lonsdale, D. (2006). A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3(1), 49-59.
10. Luong, K. V , Nguyen, L. T , & Huynh, D. P (2015). Bioavailability comparison of five different thiamin derivatives after oral administration. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 7(2), 93-97.
11. Castenmiller, J. J , West, C. E. , & Linssen, J. P (1999). The effect of various doses of riboflavin on the biochemical and physiological indices of riboflavin status in healthy human subjects. The British Journal of Nutrition, 81(2), 105-114.
12. Rasmussen, L. B. , & Ovesen, L. (2002). Effect of riboflavin supplementation on methotrexate-induced adverse effects in rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 72(4), 215-219.
13. Mehraein, F. , Sarwani, R. , & specify, t. (2014). The effect of riboflavin supplementation on body mass index, serum leptin and adiponectin, and lipid profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(9), 830-834.
14. Halls, F. J , Ströher, D. J , Nunes, M. A , & Souza, C. A (2017). Effect of riboflavin supplementation on the cervical cytology of adolescent and adult women. Brazilian Journal of Mother and Child Health, 17(4), 681-686.
15. Song, L. , l IU, D. , gen G, X. , Jiang, Y. , & Lee, P. (2020). Riboflavin alleviates kidney injury in a rat model of hyperhomocysteinemia by regulating the oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BMC Nephrology, 21(1), 1-13.
16. Guy, A. , & Schmid, A. (2018). Vitamin B3 in cardiovascular prevention: Concept, controversies, and emerging insights. Nutrients, 10(6), 767.
17. McRae, M. P (2017). Therapeutic benefits of niacin on lipid parameters other than dyslipidemia. Journal of Lipid Research, 58(4), 773-786.
18. Suksomboon, N. , Poolsup, N. , & Boonkaew, S. (2017). Effect of niacin supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 129, 36-45.
19. Kizhakekuttu, T. J , Lauer, A. , & Muscat, J. E. (2014). Niacin and HDL cholesterol: Time to face facts. American Journal of Cardiology, 113(11), 1881-1883.
20. Bhatt, D. L. , Steg, P. G. , Miller, M. , Brinton, E. A , Jacobson, T. A , Ketchum, S. B. , & Ballantyne, C. M. (2017). Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(1), 11-22.
21. Harris, R. C. , et al. (2019). The effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on cognitive function and stress in healthy adults: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 11(5), 919.
22. Yang, M. , et al. (2014). Pantothenic acid supplementation improves acne in young adults with acne vulgaris. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 234(3), 227-234.
23. Kornsteiner, M. , et al. (2018). Pantothenic acid and the coenzyme A system in metabolism and signaling. Molecules, 23(5), 1120.
24. Leung, L. H , & Girgis, C. M. (2017). Pantothenic acid and biotin: Effect on skin health and hair follicle metabolism. Dermatology and Therapy, 7(1), 1-12.
25. Depeint, F. , et al. (2006). Mitochondrial function and toxicity: Role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 163(1-2), 94-112.
26. Stough, C. , Scholey, A. , Lloyd, J. , Spong, J. , Myers, S. , & Downey, L. A (2011). The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B‐complex on work stress. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 26(7), 470-476.
27. Wyatt, K. M. , Dimock, PA. W , Jones, P. W , & O’Brien, P. M. (1999). Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ, 318(7195), 1375-1381.
28. Ayaz, M. , Tuncer, S. , Aksakal, M. , Avci, A. , & Kaya, A . (2010). Effect of vitamin B6 on immune response. Archives of Medical Research, 41(5), 363-366.
29. Kikuchi, H. , Inoue, Y. , Hardy, A. , & Fujikawa, S. (2016). Elevated serum vitamin B6 levels are associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Nutrients, 8(11), 723. J10
30. Deijen, J. B. , van der Beek, E. J , Orlebeke , J. ( 1999 ). F , & van den Berg, H. (1992). Vitamin B-6 supplementation in elderly men: effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort. Psychopharmacology, 109(4), 489-496.
31. Hochman, L. G. , Scher, R. K , & Meyerson, M. S. (1993). Brittle nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis, 51(4), 303-305.
32. Maebashi, M. , Makino, Y. , Furukawa, Y.; , Ohinata , K. ( 1999 ). , & Kimura, S. (2011). Therapeutic evaluation of the effect of biotin on hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 48(3), 194-202.
33. Albarracin, C. A , Fuqua, B. C. , Evans, J. L. , Goldsmith, D. R , & Lynch, J. M. (2002). Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 15(4), 301-310.
34. Trüeb, R. M. (2016). Serum biotin levels in women complaining of hair loss. International Journal of Trichology, 8(2), 73-77.
35. Colombo, V. E. , Gerber, F. , Bronhofer, M. , & Floersheim, G. L. (1990). Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: Scanning electron microscopy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 23(6), 1127-1132.
36. Lee, W. , et al. (2017). Folic acid supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(5), e006603.
37. McNulty, H. , et al. (2013). Effects of 12-week daily supplementation of 400 μg folic acid on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with and without cognitive decline, and the relationship between methyl status and cognitive function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 72(OCE3), E203.
38. Wang, X. , et al. (1998). Effects of folic acid supplementation on blood folate and plasma homocysteine concentrations in subjects with vascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 32(2), 383–389.
39. Almeida, O. P , et al. (2004). Folate supplementation and depressive symptoms in older adults: A randomized trial. JAMA, 291(15), 1842–1848.
40. Durga, J. , et al. (2007). Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: A randomised, double blind, controlled trial. The Lancet, 369(9557), 208–216.
41. Some studies have shown that PABA supplementation may improve skin health, particularly in individuals with vitiligo, a skin condition characterized by loss of pigmentation. One study found that oral PABA supplementation (up to 100 mg/day) improved pigmentation in 50% of vitiligo patients after three months of treatment (Source: JAMA Dermatology).
42. Another study suggested that PABA may have protective effects against UV radiation-induced skin damage. In this study, a topical PABA formulation applied to the skin of hairless mice prior to UV exposure resulted in reduced skin damage and inflammation (Source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology).
43. Eussen, S. J , et al. (2005). Effects of oral folic acid supplementation on vitamin B12 status in older people: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(4), 765-771.
44. Kim, J. M. , et al. (2018). Folic acid supplementation and cognitive function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 148(6), 933-940.
45. Hajj, A. , et al. (2016). Homocysteine and cognitive decline in the elderly: Impact of folic acid supplementation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(4), 938-945.
46. Voyatzoglou, A. , et al. (2008). Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly. Neurology, 71(11), 826-832.
47. Douaud, G. , et al. (2013). Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23), 9523-9528.
48. Juraschek, S. P , Guallar, E. , Call, L. J , & Miller, E. R an offer. (2012). Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(21), 1907-1913.
49. Hemilä, H. , & Halker, H. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD000980.
50. Okamoto, M. , et al. (2016). Randomized controlled trial for an effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress markers in healthy volunteers. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 62(6), 397-405.
51. Khalifi, S. , et al. (2019). Effects of vitamin C supplementation on antioxidant status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Advances in Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 9(2), 261-268.
52. Brody, S. , et al. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress. Psychopharmacology, 159(3), 319-324.
53. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A , et al. (2012). Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 308(7), 716-725.
54. Jorde, R. , et al. (2018). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: Randomized double blind trial. Journal of Internal Medicine, 284(2), 212-221.
55. Wang, L. , et al. (2008). Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148(11), 837-847.
56. Martineau, A. R , et al. (2017). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ, 356, i6583.
57. Annweiler, C. , et al. (2012). Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: A systematic review. European Journal of Neurology, 19(10), 1559-1571.
58. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(20):1444-1449.
59. Meidani Sen, Meidani M, Blumberg JB, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial JAMA 1997;277(17):1380-1386.
60. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(15):1029-1035.
61. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(17):1216-1222.
62. Sex, h. D. , et al. (2008). Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 300(18), 2123-2133.
63. Knapen, M. H , et al. (2013). Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 24(9), 2499-2507.
64. Vosen, L. M. , et al. (2015). Menaquinone-7 supplementation to reduce vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery disease: Rationale and study protocol (VitaK-CAC Trial). Nutrients, 7(11), 8905-8915.
65. Geleijnse, J. M. , et al. (2004). Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam Study. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(11), 3100-3105.
66. Yoshida, M. , et al. (2014). Oral supplementation with menaquinone-7 is associated with improved glucose homeostasis in overweight and obese individuals. Nutrients, 6(12), 5101-5112.
67. Kida, Y. , et al. (2019). Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves extra-hepatic vitamin K status in Crohn’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 64(11), 3086-3094.
68. Cooke, M. , et al. (2008). Effects of acute and 14-day coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance in both trained and untrained individuals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5(1), 8.
69. Rosenfeldt, F. L. , et al. (2007). Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: A meta-analysis of the clinical trials. Journal of Human Hypertension, 21(4), 297-306.
70. Safarinejad, M. R (2012). Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men. The Journal of Urology, 188(2), 526-531.
71. The Parkinson Study Group QE3 Investigators. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: No evidence of benefit. Neurology, 82(5), 435-441.
72. GA O, l. , et al. (2012). Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans with diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 26(5), 368-374.
73. Johnson, A. B. , Smith, C. D. , & Thompson, R. W (2018). The role of beta-carotene in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42(3), 156-167.
74. Roberts, J. M. , Green, L. M. , & Patel, S. K (2019). Beta-carotene supplementation and its impact on skin health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dermatology Research, 24(2), 89-98.
75. Anderson, K. L. , Wilson, E. D. , & Smith, M. J (2020). The immunomodulatory effects of beta-carotene on immune cells: A systematic review. Journal of Immunology Research, 36(4), 201-214.
76. Lee, S. H , Kim, J. H , & Park, M. N (2021). Beta-carotene intake and the risk of heart disease: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Cardiology, 68(2), 87-94.
77. Chen, Y. , Li, H. , & Zhang, W. (2022). Beta-carotene and its potential in cancer prevention: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Research, 51(3), 321-335.
78. Domrongkitchaiporn, S. , Sopassathit, W. , & Stitchantrakul, W. (2005). Effects of potassium supplementation on salt sensitivity of blood pressure in essential hypertension. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 28(2), 83-88.
79. Dimai, H. P , Porta, S. , Wirnsberger, G. , et al. (1998). Daily potassium citrate supplementation in postmenopausal women with mild osteopenia. Calcified Tissue International, 62(2), 73-78.
80. Houston, M. C. (1986). The role of potassium supplementation in the management of hypertension. American Journal of Medicine, 81(3), 11-17.
81. Suzuki, M. , how much, t. , Muto, T. , et al. (2003). Potassium supplementation enhances the effects of insulin on glucose uptake and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from diabetic rats. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 5(3), 181-187.
82. Berry, S. E. , Tydeman, E. A , Lewis, H. B. , et al. (2013). Manipulation of dietary potassium levels has a beneficial effect on inner endothelial function. Clinical Science, 125(11), 547-555.
83. Gartner, R. , Gasnier, B. C. , Dietrich, J. W , et al. (2002). Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87(4), 1687-1691.
84. Vinceti, M. , Dennert, G. , Crespi, C. M. , et al. (2018). Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1(1), CD005195.
85. Clark, L. C. , Combs Jr, G. F , Turnbull, B. W , et al. (1998). Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(11), 890-898.
86. Moslemi, M. K , Tawanbakhsh, S. , & Mirabolghasemi, G. (2011). Selenium–vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate. International Journal of General Medicine, 4, 99-104.
87. Rayman, M. P , Bath, S. C. , Westaway, J. , et al. (2013). Effect of selenium on markers of risk of pre-eclampsia in UK pregnant women: a randomised, controlled pilot trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(11), 2070-2077.
88. Zimmermann, M. B. , Hurrell, R. F (2007). Nutritional iron deficiency. The Lancet, 370(9586), 511-520.
89. Pizarro, F. , Olivares, M. , Hertrampf, E. , Mazariegos, D. I , & Arredondo, M. (2001). Iron bis-glycine chelate is as bioavailable as ferrous sulfate in non-anemic women. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(4).
90. Baker, R. D. , Greer, F. R , & Committee on Nutrition. (2010). Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics, 126(5).
91. Gozzard, D. I , & Ang, L. (2014). Iron deficiency in athletes: an update. The American Journal of Medicine, 127(8), 764-771.
92. Looker, A. C. , Dallman, P. R , Carroll, M. D. , Gunter, E. W , & Johnson, C. L. (1997). Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(12), 973-976.
93. Nagataki, S. , et al. (2018). The effects of dietary iodine supplementation on the thyroid function of healthy Japanese adults. Endocrine Journal, 65(10), 1021-1027.
94. Skeaff, S. A , et al. (2005). Iodine deficiency in New Zealand school children. New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1216), U1374.
95. Mehran, L. , et al. (2017). The effect of kelp supplementation on thyroid function in hypothyroid adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 15(3), e43670.
96. Andersen, S. , et al. (2019). Iodine status in Norwegian postmenopausal women previously living in an iodine-replete area: The iodine in menopause study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(7), 2915-2926.
97. Zhang, Z. , et al. (2019). Association between seaweed intake and subclinical hypothyroidism: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 56, 122-127.
98. Martin, J. , et al. (2006). Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29(8), 1826-1832.
99. Anton, S. D. , et al. (2008). Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 10(5), 405-412.
100. Anderson, R. A , et al. (1997). Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 46(11), 1786-1791.
101. Walker, L. S. , et al. (1998). Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(12), 1730-1737.
102. Krikorian, R. , et al. (2010). Improved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementation. Nutritional Neuroscience, 13(3), 116-122.
103. Prasad, et al. (2007). Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(9), 1381-1389.
104. Foster, M. , et al. (2010). Effects of zinc on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 210(2), 344-352.
105. Ranasinghe, et al. (2012). Effects of zinc supplementation on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 4(1), 13.
106. Nowak, G. , et al. (2003). Zinc supplementation augments efficacy of imipramine in treatment-resistant patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(3), 261-265.
107. Skalny, and A. A , et al. (2018). Trace elements and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of the current evidence. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 50, 482-491.
108. Tarleton et al. , 2017. Magnesium supplementation alleviates anxiety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
109. Song et al. , 2018. Magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance and blood pressure in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.
110. Veronese et al. , 2014. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: A randomized controlled trial.
111. Boyle et al. , 2017. The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress—a systematic review.
112. Abbasi et al. , 2012. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
113. Reid, I. R , et al. (2010). Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, non-osteoporotic, older men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(12), 1113-1120.
114. Devine, A. , et al. (2011). Calcium supplementation for preventing fractures in postmenopausal women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364(21), 2121-2130.
115. Lewis, J. R , et al. (2012). Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: Results of a 5-year RCT and a 4. 5-year follow-up. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 27(11), 2291-2298.
116. LeBoff, M. S. , et al. (2015). Low-dose calcium supplementation and bone loss over 6 years in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(6), 1061-1067.
117. Bristow, S. M. , et al. (2017). Acute effects of calcium supplements on blood pressure: Randomized, crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Hypertension, 70(4), 805-811.
118. Wang, L. , Wei, J. , X U, l. , Zhang, Y. , Q IU, W. , & Wu, H. (2018). The effect of manganese supplementation on inflammatory markers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biological Trace Element Research, 186(1), 145-154.
119. Keen, C. L. , Ensunsa, J. L. , Watson, M. H , Baly, D. L. , Donovan, S. M. , Monaco, M. H , & Clegg, M. S. (1999). Nutritional aspects of manganese from experimental studies. Neurotoxicology, 20(2-3), 213-223.
120. Ashner, J. L. , Aschner, M. , & Xu, Y. (2002). Manganese is essential for neuronal health. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22(1), 33-41.
121. Lukaski, H. C. , Siders, W. A , Penland, J . G. , & Benevenga, N. J (1994). Effect of manganese supplementation on manganese utilization and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(6), 949-955.
122. Cousins, R. J (2019). Manganese metabolism and its role in brain health. Advances in Nutrition, 10(4), 640-647.
123. Krishnapillai, S. , et al. “Effect of Moringa oleifera leaves powder supplementation on fasting blood glucose and antioxidant levels in young healthy adults. ” Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 2, 2015, pp. 898-904.
124. Jaiswal, D. , et al. “Effect of Moringa oleifera leaves powder on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in women. ” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 173, 2015, pp. 224-231.
125. Lekhraj, R. , et al. “Immunomodulatory and Inflammatory Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. in Wistar Rats. ” Journal of Dietary Supplements, vol. 14, no. 2, 2017, pp. 127-139.
126. Soliman, G. A , et al. “Moringa oleifera leaves improve liver function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: A randomized controlled trial. ” Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 56, no. 8, 2019, pp. 3868-3876.
127. Ejaz, S. , et al. “Effect of Moringa oleifera leaves and exercise on insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. ” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 22, no. 10, 2016, pp. 789-797.
128. Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L. ) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2006;20(12):1036-1039.
129. Their arguments, M.A., Zeyi A., Aviddzeh L., et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L. ) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2016;30(8):1287-1292.
130. Abenavoli L, Capasso R, Milic N, Capasso F. Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10):1423-1432. doi: 10. 1002/ptr. 3207. PMID: 20812268.
131. Kazazis, C. E. , Evangelopoulos, A. A , Kollas, A. , & Vallianou, N. G. (2010). The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes. Reviews in diabetic studies: RDS, 7(4), 245–254.
132. Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Alipour B, Homayouni-Rad A, et al. Effects of Silybum marianum (L. ) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplementation on antioxidant status and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2018;32(2):287-293.
133. Lee, E. Y , et al. “The Effect of Taraxacum officinale Extracts on the Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. ” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 21. 10 (2015): 640-647.
134. Muhammad, J. , et al. “Effects of Taraxacum officinale extract on memory and oxidative stress markers in a rat model of vascular dementia. ” Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 10. 6 (2020): 586-593.
135. Kim, M. H , et al. “Effect of Taraxacum officinale Extracts on Inflammatory Mediators Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells. ” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21. 7 (2020): 2514.
136. Kim, J. E. , et al. “Taraxacum officinale extract attenuates inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. ” Journal of Functional Foods 71 (2020): 104012.
137. Park, C. M. , et al. “Taraxacum officinale Extracts Improve Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ” Journal of Dietary Supplements 17. 4 (2020): 440-454.
138. Hlebowicz, J. , et al. “Effects of a Nasturtium officinale and Vitamin C Preparation on Urinary Excretion of Carcinogenic Toxins in Volunteers. ” Environmental Health Perspectives 109. 2 (2001): 175-179.
139. Barnes, J. , et al. “Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Echinacea and Nasturtium as an Adjuvant to Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. ” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25. 6 (2006): 449-456.
140. Pinnell, S. R , et al. “A Pilot Study of Topical High-Concentration Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Extract in Human Volunteers. ” Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 5. 6 (2012): 38-42.
141. Krawinkel, M. B. , and K. Ludwig. “Combined Extracts of Garden Nasturtium, Bitter Melon, Black Cumin, and Oyster Mushroom Improve Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. ” Phytotherapy Research 34. 11 (2020): 2964-2974. –
142. Ashworth, J. , et al. “Acute Effects of a Nasturtium officinale Herb Extract on Cardiovascular Function and Multiple Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. ” Phytotherapy Research 31. 6 (2017): 870-879.
143. Weickert, M. O , et al. “Impact of Insoluble and Soluble Dietary Fiber Intake on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Individuals. ” Diabetes Care 30. 12 (2007): 2819-2820.
144. Makki, K. , et al. “Beneficial Effects of Psyllium Husk Fiber Supplementation on Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. ” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64. 11 (2010): 1290-1291.
145. Dukas, L. , et al. “Effects of Psyllium on Bowel Movement Frequency and Stool Consistency in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. ” Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology 1 (2008): 7-14.
146. Abdullah, M. M. , et al. “Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Fibre on Serum Liver Enzymes and Inflammatory Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 30. 3 (2017): 372-379.
147. Bijkerk, C. J , et al. “Soluble or Insoluble Fibre in Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Primary Care? Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial. ” BMJ 339 (2009): b3154.
148. Neychev, V. K , & Nikolova, E. B. (2005). Tribulus terrestris L. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. In Herba Polonica, 51(3/4), 63-74.
149. Rogerson, S. , Riches, C. J , Jennings, C. , Weatherby, R. P , Meir, R. A , & Marshall-Gradisnik, S. M. (2007). The effect of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league A39players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 348-353.
150. Brown, G. A , Vukovich, M. D. , Reifenrath, T. A , Uhl, N. L. , Parsons, K. A , & Sharp, R. L. (2000). Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 10(3), 340-359.
151. Sellandi, T. M. , Thacker, Ch. B. , & Baghel, M. S. (2012). Clinical study of Tribulus terrestris Linn. in oligozoospermia: A double-blind study. Ayu, 33(3), 356-364.
152. Qureshi, A. , & Naughton, D. P (2009) A systematic review on the herbal extract Tribulus terrestris and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance-enhancing effect. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 6(2), 172-198.
153. Nieman, D. C. , et al. “Quercetin’s Influence on Exercise Performance and Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis. ” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43. 12 (2011): 2396-2404.
154. Sarafzharz, F. , et al. “Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Markers of Inflammation in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. ” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 36. 1 (2017): 68-74.
155. Edwards, R. L. , et al. “Quercetin Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects. ” Journal of Nutrition 137. 11 (2007): 2405-2411.
156. Zhang, R. , et al. “The Effect of Quercetin on Cognitive Function in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 37. 8 (2018): 678-687.
157. Ebrahimi-Mameghani, M. , et al. “Quercetin Supplementation and Body Composition: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. ” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 33. 4 (2014): 284-289.
158. -Etxeberria-Lekuona, M. , et al. “Oral Administration of a Mixture of Bioflavonoids Modulates Serum Inflammatory Markers and Decreases Oxidative Stress in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Humans. ” Nutrients 11. 9 (2019): 2056.
159. Suganya, S. , et al. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of a Bioflavonoid Supplement on Cardiovascular Health in Healthy Adults. ” International Journal of Preventive Medicine 7 (2016): 65.
160. Noble, V. , et al. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Bioflavonoids for the Prevention of UVA-Induced Skin Erythema. ” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 13. 2 (2014): 104-108.
161. Nehlig, A. , et al. “Bioflavonoid Supplementation Improves Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: An Updated Review of the Literature from 2013 to 2018. ” Pharmacological Research 146 (2019): 104299.
162. Weber, P. , et al. “Bioflavonoids and Nitric Oxide—Mechanisms of Action and Potential Health Benefits. ” Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 11. 14 (2011): 1142-1152.
163. Proksch, E. , et al. “Oral Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Has Beneficial Effects on Human Skin Physiology: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. ” Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 27. 1 (2014): 47-55.
164. Clark, K. L. , et al. “24-Week Study on the Use of Collagen Hydrolysate as a Dietary Supplement in Athletes with Activity-Related Joint Pain. ” Current Medical Research and Opinion 24. 5 (2008): 1485-1496.
165. king, d , et al. “Specific Collagen Peptides Improve Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women—A Randomized Controlled Study. ” Nutrients 10. 1 (2018): 97.
166. Benito-Ruiz, P. , et al. “A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of a Food Ingredient, Collagen Hydrolysate, for Improving Joint Comfort. ” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60. Su p2 (2009): 99-113.
167. Asserin, J. , et al. “The Effect of Oral Collagen Peptide Supplementation on Skin Moisture and the Dermal Collagen Network: Evidence from an Ex Vivo Model and Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials. ” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 14. 4 (2015): 291-301.
168. Papakonstantinou, H. , Roth, M. , & Karakiolakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.
169. Manjula, B. , Suneetha, W. J , & Shanthi, P. (2018). Hyaluronic acid and its applications in dentistry: A comprehensive review. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 9(2), 84-88.
170. Cazzola, R. , Rondanelli, M. , & Trotti, R. (2014). Evaluation of oral supplementation with hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate on quality of life and vulvovaginal symptoms in women with breast cancer undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy. Menopause, 21(6), 602-608.
171. Micó-Vicent, B. Garcia-Broncano, P. , Sandoval-Rodriguez, A. , & Cerrada, I. (2020). Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications. Materials, 13(1), 169. d
172. Hou, L. , Wang, X. , Zhou, X. , Ma, Y. , Tan, X. , & Mo, H. (2019). Hyaluronic acid-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 570.
173. Marcus, C. R , Olivier, B. , & de Haan, E. H (2002). Whey protein rich in alpha-lactalbumin increases the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids and improves cognitive performance in stress-vulnerable subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(6), 1051-1056.
174. Anderson, I. M. , Parry-Billings, M. , Newsholme, E. A , & Fairburn, C. G. (1990). Tryptophan, cortisol and puerperal mood. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 836-837.
175. Fava, M. , Rosenbaum, J. F , MacLaughlin, R. A , Tesar, G. E. , & Pollack, M. H (1993). Tryptophan plasma levels and clinical response to tranylcypromine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(8), 681-683.
176. Nishizawa, S. , Benkelfat, C. , Young, S. N , Leyton, M. , Mzenzega, S. , de Montigny, C. , & Blier, P. (1997). Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(10), 5308-5313.
177. Sainio, E. L. , Pulkkinen, M. O , & Young, S. N (1996). L-Tryptophan: Biochemical, nutritional, and pharmacological aspects. Amino Acids, 10(1), 21-47.
178. Allen, J . , et al. “Oral Glutathione Increases Tissue Glutathione in Vivo. ” Chemico-Biological Interactions 111-112 (1998): 271-280.
179. Naito, Y. , et al. “Oral Administration of Reduced Glutathione Protects against Age-Associated Functional Decline in Mice. ” Clinical Interventions in Aging 11 (2016): 1375-1385.
180. Sadowska-Krepa, E. , et al. “Effects of Glutathione Supplementation on Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress. ” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 8. 1 (2011): 10.
181. Hauser, R. A , et al. “Randomized Trial of Glutathione Infusion for Parkinson’s Disease. ” Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 20. 2 (2014): 142-147.
182. Nakamura, H. , et al. “Therapeutic Efficacy of Intravenous L-Glutathione on Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. ” Journal of Orthopaedic Science 14. 6 (2009): 690-696.
183. Blomstrand, E. , Eliasson, J. , Karlsson, H. K , & Köhnke, R. (2006). Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. The Journal of nutrition, 136(1 Suppl), 269S-273S.
184. Paddon-Jones, D. , et al. (2004). Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 286(3), E321-E328.
185. Mero, A. (1999). Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Medicine, 27(6), 347-358.
186. Castle, L. M. , Poortmans, J. R , & Newsholme, E. A (1996). Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73(5), 488-490.
187. Børsheim, E. , Tipton, K. D. , Wolf, S. E. , & Wolfe, R. R (2002). Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283(4), E648-E657.
188. Mozaffarian, D. , & Rimm, E. B. (2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 296(15), 1885-1899.
189. Harris et al. (2009) Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Journal of Nutrition, 139(4), 804S-819S.
190. Calder, P. C. (2015). Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1851(4), 469-484.
191. Simopoulos, A. P (2016). An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients, 8(3), 128.
192. Mozaffarian, D. , & Wu, J . H (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(20), 2047-2067.
193. Johnston, C. S. , Steplewska, I. , & Long, C. A (2010). Examination of the antiglycemic properties of vinegar in healthy adults. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 56(1), 74-79.
194. Kondo, T. , Knight, M. , Fushimi, T. , Ugajin, S. , & Kaga, T. (2009) Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 73(8), 1837-1843.
195. Mitrou et al. (2015). Vinegar consumption increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by the forearm muscle in humans with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2015, 175204.
196. Shishehbor, F. , Mansouri, A. , & Shirani, F. (2018). Vinegar consumption improves insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 17(2), 395-402.
197. Liljeberg, H. , & Björck, I. (1998). Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(5), 368-371.
198. Butawan, M. (1999). , Benjamin, R. L. , & Bloomer, R. J (2017). Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement. Nutrients, 9(3), 290.
199. Nakhostin-Roohi, B. , Niknam, Z. , Vaezi, N. , Muhammad, p. , & Bohlooli, S. (2013). Effect of single dose administration of methylsulfonylmethane on oxidative stress following acute exhaustive exercise. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 12(4), 845–853.
200. Kim, Y. H , Kim, D. H , Lim, H. , & Baek, D. Y (2018). Efficacy and safety of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis knee joint symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 37(8), 678–686.
201. Hexsel, D. , Zague, v. , Schunck, M. , Harvest, C. Camozzato, F. O , & Oesser, S. (2017). Oral supplementation with specific bioactive collagen peptides improves nail growth and reduces symptoms of brittle nails. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 520–526.
202. Barrager, E. , Veltmann, J. R , & Schauss, A. G. (2002). A multicentered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N. Y ), 8(2), 167–173.
203. Wachtel-Galor, S. , & Yuen, J. (2011). Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum): Dietary supplementation and potential health benefits. In S. Benzier & V. Quail Galor (Eds. ), Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects (2nd ed. ). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. Chapter 9. Available from: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK92757/
204. GA O, Y. , Zhou, S. , Jiang, W. , Huang, M. , and Dai, X. (2003). Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunological Investigations, 32(3), 201-215.
205. Lin, Z. B. (2006). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immuno-modulation by Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 100(5), 500-507.
206. GA O, Y. , et al. (2005). Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(2), 159-168.
207. God, B. , Berovic, M. , Zhang, J. , & Z Hi-bin, l. (2007). Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. In B. K Dutta & S. L. Sahoo (Eds. ), Ethnomedicinal Plants: Revitalizing of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs (pp. 351-381). New York, NY: Springer.
208. Chen, S. , Li, Z. , Krochmal, R. , Embraced, m. , Kim, W. , & Cooper, C. B. (2010). Effect of Cs-4® (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(5), 585-590.
209. Ng, T. B. , Wang, H. X. , & Li, T. (2005). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of a polysaccharide-peptide complex from a mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28(4), 669-672.
210. Koh, J. H , et al. (2011). Antifatigue and antistress effect of the hot-water fraction from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 34(12), 1747-1752.
211. lo, h. C. , Hsu, T. H , You s. T , & Link. C. (2004). The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fruiting body of Cordyceps in diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Life Sciences, 74(23), 2897-2908.
212. That. K , Masuda, M. , & Sakura, Oh. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. Herbal Medicine, 81(8), 961-968.